Carbon
- C has an atomic # of 6
- means it has 6 protons, 6 electrons in a neutral atom
- making a covalent bond with remaining 4 electrons in the outermost shell(valence shell)
- Hydrocarbons: organic molecule consisting entirely of C and H
- a key structure component of most macromolecule
- ex. methane, ethane, propane, butane.. (underline means # of C. 1,2,3,4...)
- tetrahedron
Hydrocarbon structures and isomers
- Ethane(C2H6): tetrahedral(single bond), can rotate freely
- Ethene(C2H4): planar(double bond), unable to rotate *planar means two dimentional
- Ethyne(C2H2): linear(triple bond)
- Isomers: same chemical formula, differently connected or arranged
- Cis&trans isomers: atoms connected in the same order, differ in the configuration of atoms
- cis-2-butane: methyl groups(H3C, CH3) on same side
- trans-2-butane: methyl groups on opposite side
- Enantiomers: same chemical structure and different 3 dimensional placement of atoms(like a mirror image)
Functional groups
- Hydroxyl: polar, R-O-H
- Methyl: nonpolar, not dissolve in water, R-CH3
- Carbonyl: polar, O=C
- Carboxyl: charged, OH, acidic(ionize to release H+)
- Amino: charged, N, basic(remove H+ from solution)
- Phosphate: charged, P, acidic
- Sulfhydryl: polar, R-S-H
- R means the rest of the molecule that the group is attached to
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